From 5 March to 15 June 2014, the Städel Museum devoted a major exhibition to the lifework of one of the most prominent German Expressionists, Emil Nolde (1867–1956).
The exhibition “Emil Nolde. Retrospective“ traveled to the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art in Humlebæk, Denmark (4 July to 19 October 2014).
Although Nolde’s oeuvre has been represented in numerous special thematic exhibitions, the last retrospective to pay tribute to his work in Germany took place twenty-five years ago.
The exhibition “Emil Nolde. Retrospective“ traveled to the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art in Humlebæk, Denmark (4 July to 19 October 2014).
Although Nolde’s oeuvre has been represented in numerous special thematic exhibitions, the last retrospective to pay tribute to his work in Germany took place twenty-five years ago.
Some 140 works were on view, among them such masterworks as
Springtime in the Room (1904),
The Life of Christ (1911/12) and
Candle Dancers (1912),
but also a number of paintings and prints by the artist hitherto never shown outside of Seebüll.
The selection ranged from Expressionist landscapes to glittering nocturnal scenes of Berlin, exotic South Seas motifs, and religious depictions. Arranged in rough chronological order, the retrospective comprised paintings, watercolours and prints from all phases of the artist’s career. A special focus was directed towards Nolde’s early and late work, which past exhibitions have often tended to neglect.
The show also provided insight into his experimentation with various manners of painting before finally arriving at his own characteristic style. Nolde’s loose and dynamic approach relegates the contours of the depicted figures to the background; vibrant colours are the primary means of expression.
The show also provided insight into his experimentation with various manners of painting before finally arriving at his own characteristic style. Nolde’s loose and dynamic approach relegates the contours of the depicted figures to the background; vibrant colours are the primary means of expression.
Emil Nolde. Retrospective showcased the artist’s lifework in twelve sections covering the entire breadth of its thematic and media diversity. It began with Nolde’s early work. His first painting,
Mountain Giants (1895–96)
from the Nolde Foundation Seebüll, already anticipates the artist’s fascination with the fantastic and grotesque that would later turn up in his oeuvre again and again.
Nolde made his artistic breakthrough with paintings of flowers and gardens in which he experimented with the potential of colour. These motifs, considered characteristic of Nolde, were view along with figural works carried out during the same period. The latter are distinguished by a rather two-dimensional painting manner, as exemplified by the major composition Free Spirit (1906).
Nolde’s approach to abstraction was seen in the Autumn Seas series (1910). The motif of the wild sea was one that would preoccupy him all his life. The views of thunderous waves beneath a dramatic sky were executed in a wooden shed the artist had built for himself directly on the beach on the Baltic Sea island of Alsen.
That “studio” is where Nolde also carried out a number of his early Biblical and mythological scenes shown in the subsequent room. Religious subjects are among the brightest highlights in his oeuvre.
Nolde realized Old and New Testament motifs – for example the
Burial (1915)
– with vivid colours and a two-dimensional application of paint.
Burial (1915)
– with vivid colours and a two-dimensional application of paint.
After the Nazis had confiscated this nine-part Biblical cycle – Nolde’s magnum opus – from the Museum Folkwang in Essen, it was prominently featured in the first room of the defamatory Degenerate Art exhibition in Munich.
Nolde’s observations of Berlin, where he lived half of every year from 1905 onwards, were also on view.. Masterworks of German Expressionism such as
In the Coffeehouse (1911)
from the Museum Folkwang in Essen and
Dancer in a Red Dress (1910)
from the Kunsthalle Emden portray the boisterous nightlife in the German metropolis.
For the first time, these works were being presented alongside political and socio-critical paintings by the artist such as
Soldiers (1913) and
Battlefield (1913).
It was in Berlin as well that Nolde became interested in non-European aesthetics and art, the subject of the next room. The painting Exotic Figures (Fetishes I) (1911) is based on drawings Nolde made of objects on display at the Königliches Museum für Völkerkunde (Royal Ethnological Museum).
The show will continue on the upper floor of the exhibition annex with the works executed during and after Nolde’s participation in an expedition of the Reichskolonialamt (Imperial Colonial Office) to New Guinea.
The fiery palette of Tropical Sun (1914) from the collection of the Nolde Foundation Seebüll manifests the artist’s longing for a natural idyll untouched by Western civilization. The section on the South Seas will be followed by a presentation of Nolde’s works of the years 1915 to 1932, a period in which he concentrated on motifs in his native region of Northern Schleswig. There he portrayed the unbridled natural force of the sea as well as his flower garden, which – in works such as Close Evening (1930) – he juxtaposed with the bleak Nordic scenery. He also painted watercolours of flowers in rich abundance, great variety and gay hues. The exhibition will spread out a vivid tapestry with altogether twenty such paintings hung closely side by side.
In addition to flowers, one of Nolde’s main interests in this phase was fantastic motifs which, like the Sea Woman (1922), reveal the influence of Arnold Böcklin.
Among the works distinguished by their grotesque subjects is the watercolour Animal and Woman (1931–1935) from the Fantasies series, which in our show will form a transition to the watercolours that came to be known as the Unpainted Pictures. Nolde executed these exceptional watercolour compositions from 1938 onwards during the period of the National Socialist dictatorship.
In 1941 he was comprehensively prohibited from practicing his profession: he could no longer present his works in public or sell them. He already began transposing works from the Unpainted Pictures series into oil as early as 1938.
The subsequent room will be devoted to a selection of these paintings. To this day, many of the works based on the Unpainted Pictures have never been presented in public, for example Spring in Autumn (1940).
In keeping with the chronology, the last section of the show will focus on the final phase of Nolde’s life from 1946 to 1956. In his late works, expressive depictions of nature and landscape play a decisive role. The exhibition will conclude with Troubled Sea (1948) from the Kunsthalle zu Kiel.
The fiery palette of Tropical Sun (1914) from the collection of the Nolde Foundation Seebüll manifests the artist’s longing for a natural idyll untouched by Western civilization. The section on the South Seas will be followed by a presentation of Nolde’s works of the years 1915 to 1932, a period in which he concentrated on motifs in his native region of Northern Schleswig. There he portrayed the unbridled natural force of the sea as well as his flower garden, which – in works such as Close Evening (1930) – he juxtaposed with the bleak Nordic scenery. He also painted watercolours of flowers in rich abundance, great variety and gay hues. The exhibition will spread out a vivid tapestry with altogether twenty such paintings hung closely side by side.
In addition to flowers, one of Nolde’s main interests in this phase was fantastic motifs which, like the Sea Woman (1922), reveal the influence of Arnold Böcklin.
Among the works distinguished by their grotesque subjects is the watercolour Animal and Woman (1931–1935) from the Fantasies series, which in our show will form a transition to the watercolours that came to be known as the Unpainted Pictures. Nolde executed these exceptional watercolour compositions from 1938 onwards during the period of the National Socialist dictatorship.
In 1941 he was comprehensively prohibited from practicing his profession: he could no longer present his works in public or sell them. He already began transposing works from the Unpainted Pictures series into oil as early as 1938.
The subsequent room will be devoted to a selection of these paintings. To this day, many of the works based on the Unpainted Pictures have never been presented in public, for example Spring in Autumn (1940).
In keeping with the chronology, the last section of the show will focus on the final phase of Nolde’s life from 1946 to 1956. In his late works, expressive depictions of nature and landscape play a decisive role. The exhibition will conclude with Troubled Sea (1948) from the Kunsthalle zu Kiel.
Emil Nolde was born on 7 August 1867 in the village of Nolde near the German- Danish border as Hans Emil Hansen. Following elementary school he completed an apprenticeship as a wood sculptor, also taking instruction in commercial draughtsmanship.
From 1892 onwards, Nolde taught colour and ornamental draughtsmanship at the Industrie- und Gewerbemuseum (Museum of Industry and the Trades) in Sankt Gallen. The great commercial success of his Mountain Postcards enabled him to embark on a career as a painter in Munich in 1897. In the years that followed, until 1902, Nolde took classes at various private art schools in Munich, Paris and Copenhagen, and made the acquaintance of Scandinavian artists.
In 1902 he married the Danish actress Ada Vilstrup. On that occasion he changed his name to Nolde after his native village. He executed his first garden painting in 1903; from 1906 onwards he devoted himself to that subject with particular intensity.
In 1903 the Noldes moved to the Baltic Sea island of Alsen, though starting in 1905 they spent half of every year for the most part in Berlin.
In 1906 Nolde became a member of the “Brücke” artists’ group, to which he belonged for eighteen months; in 1908 he joined the Berlin Secession, from which he was excluded in 1910, however, owing to disagreements with Max Liebermann.
Beginning in 1912, Nolde’s works began to receive wide public attention in Germany; they came to be shown far and wide and were regularly reviewed in the arts sections of the newspapers. By the end of the 1920s, twenty-one museums had paintings by Nolde in their collections. After his participation in the “Medical-Demographic German-New-Guinea Expedition” of the Reichskolonialamt in 1913, his compositions began to incorporate motifs of the South Seas. From 1923 onwards his works received international attention.
From 1892 onwards, Nolde taught colour and ornamental draughtsmanship at the Industrie- und Gewerbemuseum (Museum of Industry and the Trades) in Sankt Gallen. The great commercial success of his Mountain Postcards enabled him to embark on a career as a painter in Munich in 1897. In the years that followed, until 1902, Nolde took classes at various private art schools in Munich, Paris and Copenhagen, and made the acquaintance of Scandinavian artists.
In 1902 he married the Danish actress Ada Vilstrup. On that occasion he changed his name to Nolde after his native village. He executed his first garden painting in 1903; from 1906 onwards he devoted himself to that subject with particular intensity.
In 1903 the Noldes moved to the Baltic Sea island of Alsen, though starting in 1905 they spent half of every year for the most part in Berlin.
In 1906 Nolde became a member of the “Brücke” artists’ group, to which he belonged for eighteen months; in 1908 he joined the Berlin Secession, from which he was excluded in 1910, however, owing to disagreements with Max Liebermann.
Beginning in 1912, Nolde’s works began to receive wide public attention in Germany; they came to be shown far and wide and were regularly reviewed in the arts sections of the newspapers. By the end of the 1920s, twenty-one museums had paintings by Nolde in their collections. After his participation in the “Medical-Demographic German-New-Guinea Expedition” of the Reichskolonialamt in 1913, his compositions began to incorporate motifs of the South Seas. From 1923 onwards his works received international attention.
The National Socialist assumption of power brought about a major break in Emil Nolde’s career. He and his wife welcomed the new regime with high hopes, already submitting an application for admission to the nationalistic Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur (Militant League for German Culture) in 1933 – which, however, was rejected.
The following year Nolde joined the Nationalsozialistische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (National Socialist Association) of Northern Schleswig (NSAN) which was later among the founding parties of the National Socialist Party in Northern Schleswig (NSDAPN). Numerous letters and documents have survived from this period, documenting the artist’s desire for involvement.
Despite his efforts, however, he was not able to realize his objectives. On the contrary, in 1937 1,102 of his works were confiscated from public collections, and 47 of his works, including 33 paintings, were subsequently shown in the Degenerate Art exhibition in Munich. In 1941, he was moreover barred from the “Reichskammer der bildenden Künste” (Reich Chamber of Visual Arts) and prohibited from practising his profession.
Between 1938 and 1945 he executed the Unpainted Pictures workgroup, consisting of oil paintings after his own watercolors.
Following World War II he received numerous distinctions, for example an award for his graphic work at the XXVth Venice Biennale.
Nolde died in 1956 at the age of eighty-eight.
More images here
The following year Nolde joined the Nationalsozialistische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (National Socialist Association) of Northern Schleswig (NSAN) which was later among the founding parties of the National Socialist Party in Northern Schleswig (NSDAPN). Numerous letters and documents have survived from this period, documenting the artist’s desire for involvement.
Despite his efforts, however, he was not able to realize his objectives. On the contrary, in 1937 1,102 of his works were confiscated from public collections, and 47 of his works, including 33 paintings, were subsequently shown in the Degenerate Art exhibition in Munich. In 1941, he was moreover barred from the “Reichskammer der bildenden Künste” (Reich Chamber of Visual Arts) and prohibited from practising his profession.
Between 1938 and 1945 he executed the Unpainted Pictures workgroup, consisting of oil paintings after his own watercolors.
Following World War II he received numerous distinctions, for example an award for his graphic work at the XXVth Venice Biennale.
Nolde died in 1956 at the age of eighty-eight.
More images here
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